Difference between revisions of "Gottlieb System 1"
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If more than one controlled lamp is not lighting, check the game’s manual / schematics to see if the bulbs are related in some way. When four lamps are not lighting, it may appear that the 74175 which controls the lamp transistors may be at fault. This can happen, but the more common related issue is that the device select signal for a particular 74175 is lost between the CPU and driver board, or it is simply not being provided by the associated upstream circuitry. Below is a chart of lamp clock signal path.<br> | If more than one controlled lamp is not lighting, check the game’s manual / schematics to see if the bulbs are related in some way. When four lamps are not lighting, it may appear that the 74175 which controls the lamp transistors may be at fault. This can happen, but the more common related issue is that the device select signal for a particular 74175 is lost between the CPU and driver board, or it is simply not being provided by the associated upstream circuitry. Below is a chart of lamp clock signal path.<br> | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
| − | ! | + | !Device Select |
!CPU Connector | !CPU Connector | ||
!Driver Input | !Driver Input | ||
Revision as of 21:50, 1 July 2011
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1 Introduction
Of the big 4 pinball makers, Gottlieb was slowest converting from EM to Solid State, producing EMs into 1979 while Bally, Stern, and Williams had all abandoned doing so in 1977/early 1978. The Gottlieb system 1 boardset was designed by Rockwell International, to directly replace the EM logic from the earlier machines. Consequently System 1 games play almost exactly like an EM, just with Solid State scoring.
The playfield layouts were solid EM-esque designs, with rock-solid Gottlieb mechanical parts. Unfortunately, the electronics were not as robust in terms of longevity - exhibiting major problems with connectors, battery corrosion issues, and today's unavailability of essential, proprietary system chips.
One of the biggest issues with the System 1 platform was that it had unreliable ground connections. Unlike the other popular manufacturers of the time, Gottlieb relied solely on connectors and daisy-chained wiring to transport the ground lines from board to board. A large ground plane was used behind the boards, but the circuit boards' grounds were not physically secured to it. Gottlieb opted to use plastic standoffs to elevate and secure the boards to the backbox instead. Thus, if a single ground connector failed in the chain, the logic ground could fail for one or several of the circuit boards. This could potentially lead to locked on coils, relays, and / or controlled lamps. In turn, transistors and chips would fail.
2 Games
| Title | Date of Release | Production# | ROM | Sound | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cleopatra | 11-1977 | ~7300 | A or 409 | Chimes | Also produced as a 4-player EM 'Cleopatra' and a 2-player EM 'Pyramid' |
| Sinbad | 05-1978 | 12950 | B | Chimes | Also produced as a 4-player EM 'Sinbad' and a 2-player EM 'Eye of the Tiger' |
| Joker Poker | 08-1978 | 9280 | C | Chimes | Also produced as a 4-player EM 'Joker Poker' |
| Close Encounters of the Third Kind | 10-1978 | 9950 | G | Chime board | Also produced as a 4-player EM 'Close Encounters of the Third Kind' |
| Dragon | 10-1978 | 6550 | D | Chime board | Also produced as a 4-player EM 'Dragon' |
| Charlie's Angels | 11-1978 | 7950 | H | Chime board | Also produced as a 4-player EM 'Charlie's Angels' |
| Solar Ride | 02-1979 | 8800 | E | Chime board | Also produced as a 4-player EM 'Solar Ride' |
| Count-Down | 05-1979 | 9899 | F | Chime board | Also produced as a 2-player EM 'Space Walk' |
| Pinball Pool | 08-1979 | 7200 | I | Chime board | |
| Totem | 10-1979 | 6643 | J | Sound board J-SND ROM | |
| The Incredible Hulk | 10-1979 | 6150 | K | Sound board K-SND ROM | |
| Genie | 11-1979 | 6800 | L | Sound board L-SND ROM | |
| Buck Rogers | 01-1980 | 7410 | N | Sound board N-SND ROM | |
| Torch | 02-1980 | 3880 | P | Sound board P-SND ROM | |
| Roller Disco | 02-1980 | 2400 | R | Sound board R-SND ROM | |
| Asteroid Annie and the Aliens | 12-1980 | 211 | S | Sound board S-SND ROM | Only available as a single player game |
Conversion kits for system 1 from other manufacturers:
- (circa 1982) Movie (Bell Games, 4p)
- (unknown date) Sky Warrior (IDI, 4p)
- (circa 1982) Tiger Woman (IDI, 4p)
- 1984 Sahara Love (Christian Automatic, 4p, production 150) [conversion of Sinbad]
- 1986 L'Heaxagone (Christian Automatic, 4p, production 150) [original playfield design]
- 1985 Jungle Queen (Pinball Shop, 4p) [playfield based on Gottlieb's Jungle Queen]
3 Technical Info
3.1 The System 1 Board Set
3.2 Recommended Documentation
Although it is not completely necessary to fix a System 1 pinball machine, having a game specific manual can be extremely helpful, and is recommended. The game manual includes detailed information such as:
- Lamp assignments and location
- Switch assignments and location
- Coil assignments
- Game rules including 3 / 5 ball game rule differences
- Playfield parts list including a rubber ring list and locator
- Game specific wiring connections, lamp, and coil diagrams
The first three System 1 game manuals, (Cleopatra, Sinbad, and Joker Poker), include all of the above information, plus circuit board schematics for all circuit boards, except the tone board. Starting with Close Encounters, Gottlieb minimized the amount of information in the game manuals. Game specific material is included, however, circuit board schematics are not. The Solid State Pinball Games Service Manual (red cover) served as a second manual, which complimented the game manuals. The 2nd edition service manual with the black and blue cover shown below is a little better than the original manual.
If you intend to work on System 1 games on a consistent basis, a highly recommended manual to possess is the Gottlieb Solid State Pinball Games Service Manual - 2nd Edition. This manual is full of great information including:
- Circuit board schematics
- Component bill of materials for circuit boards
- Complete wiring color codes for boards and junctions (early and later codes)
- Theory of operation
- Detailed explanations of the System 1 components (switch matrix, displays, etc.)
3.3 The Wiring Color Code
Early on, System 1 games up until around Close Encounters used a single-color and two-color wiring code system. Starting around Close Encounters, Gottlieb adopted a three color system. Most wiring in a Gottlieb game used a white base color, which is the wire's insulation color, and three "striped" traces on each wire. I state most cases, because there are some wires which only used two colors - the green insulated ground lines which have a single yellow trace. Below is the Gottlieb color chart.
| # | Color |
|---|---|
| 0 | Black |
| 1 | Brown |
| 2 | Red |
| 3 | Orange |
| 4 | Yellow |
| 5 | Green |
| 6 | Blue |
| 7 | Purple |
| 8 | Gray |
| 9 | White |
Does the color chart look familiar? Well, if you have an electronics background, it should. The Gottlieb wire code system is the same as the resistor color coding system.
Here are some examples of the color coding system. The color wire code for switch strobe line 0 is 011. 011 would be a white insulated wire with a black trace and two brown traces, or commonly referred to as a black-brown-brown wire. The ground lines in later System 1 games are code 54. 54 would be a green insulated wire with one yellow trace.
3.4 Connector Designations
All Gottlieb machines have a common naming convention for all of the connectors in the game. A specific connection uses two parts - a prefix and a suffix. The prefix is the board number or an inline wire junction, and the suffix is the connection on the board or a sequential wire junction number. When referencing a specific connector pin within a housing, a dash follows the connection number. For example, the connector pin for the slam switch signal on the CPU board is A1J6-2. The coin door connection is A6P1 and A6J1 - the connector pin for switch return 0 on the coin door is A6J1-1 / A6P1-1.
The following boards are assigned the same numbers throughout the System 1 games.
- CPU Board - A1
- Power Supply - A2
- Driver Board - A3
- Sound Board - A7
3.5 Switch Matrix
The Gottlieb System 1 switch matrix consists of a maximum of 40 switches. There are a total of 5 switch strobes, (starting with 0, ending with 4), and 8 switch returns, (starting with 0, ending with 7). The first number of every switch is its return number, while the second number is the switch's strobe number. An example would be switch 54. Switch 54 is located on return 5 and strobe 4 of the switch matrix. Not every switch in the matrix is used on every System 1 game.
Connections for the switches originate from the two connectors located at the lower left bottom of the CPU board. Connector A1J6 is used for all the switches on the coin door, the ball roll tilt, (the second slam switch), and in some cases, the pendulum tilt. While connector A1J7 is for all of the switches on the playfield.
| Strobe 0 (A1J7-2 / A1J6-8) |
Strobe 1 (A1J6-3 / A1J6-4) |
Strobe 2 (A1J7-4 / A1J6-5) |
Strobe 3 (A1J7-7 / A1J6-6) |
Strobe 4 (A1J7-6) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Return 0 (A1J7-12 / A1J6-3) |
00 |
01 |
02 |
03 |
04 |
| Return 1 (A1J7-13) |
10 |
11 |
12 |
13 |
14 |
| Return 2 (A1J6-14) |
20 |
21 |
22 |
23 |
24 |
| Return 3 (A1J6-17) | 30 |
31 |
32 |
33 |
34 |
| Return 4 (A1J6-16) |
40 |
41 |
42 |
43 |
44 |
| Return 5 (A1J6-15) |
50 |
51 |
52 |
53 |
54 |
| Return 6 (A1J6-11) |
60 |
61 |
62 |
63 |
64 |
| Return 7 (A1J6-10) |
70 |
71 |
72 |
73 |
74 |
Unlike most other manufacturers, Gottlieb isolated each switch with a 1N270 Germanium diode versus a 1N4004 or 1N4148 silicon diode. The use of a silicon diode will cause the switch matrix to function incorrectly. Furthermore, Gottlieb attached the diodes to central location diode boards for each switch return versus attaching a diode to the switch itself. In some cases, like shown in the pic, the diode boards are stacked on top of one another. This can make testing the diodes on the lower diode board somewhat difficult. Although, it is not too common for the switch diodes to fail.
It should be noted that the switches on return 0 are always the same for every System 1 game. The following switches have the same designations:
- Switch 00 = Test Switch
- Switch 01 = Coin Switch #1
- Switch 02 = Coin Switch #2
- Switch 03 = Credit (Start) Button
- Switch 04 = Tilt Switches (pendulum tilt on the tilt board and the weighted tilt on the playfield)
Even though the switch matrix is being discussed here, it should also be noted that there are three switches used in System 1 games, which are not on the switch matrix. These three switches are the two slam switches and the outhole switch. Each game has two slam switches. The first is a weighted, normally closed switch on the coin door. The second is a normally closed switch on the ball roll tilt cage. Neither the slam switches nor the outhole switch have a switch number designation.
3.5.1 Setting up a Game for Free Play
Early Gottileb solid state pinball machines, prior to 1990, did not have a free play option available within the game settings. With this simple modification, a game can be set up for free play. First, identify the diode strip in the bottom of the cabinet. Once the diode strip is found, locate the credit button and coin switch strobe line wires. The wires will be located on the left of the diode strip - the non-banded side of the diodes. Below is a list of the wires.
Credit button wire - Green-White or Brown-Yellow-Yellow
1st coin switch wire - Orange-White or Brown-Red-Red
2nd coin switch wire - Brown-White or Brown-Orange-Orange
Solder a small lead wire from the credit button wire to any of the coin switch wires. Make certain that the diode, credit button wire, and coin switch wire are still soldered securely to the diode strip terminal when finished. If soldering is not an option, use a small alligator clip test lead. Now, when the credit button is pressed, a credit will be incremented and decremented. A game can be easily started without the need to open the coin door to trip the coin switches anymore.
3.6 Transformer Panel
3.7 Power Supply
3.8 CPU Board
3.9 Driver Board
The System 1 Driver board is responsible for all CPU controlled lamps, relays, and solenoids in the game. The CPU controls the driver board operation via an interface between A1J5 on the CPU and A3J1 on the driver board.
Gottlieb did not implement a lamp matrix as some other manufacturers did. Therefore, diodes to isolate each controlled lamp are not necessary. To control the total of 36 lamps, the interface provides device select signals for each of the 9 Quad-D Flip-Flop 74175 chips on the driver board, and 4 bits of data that is loaded (or "clocked") into a particular 74175 via the aforementioned device selects. Each lamp is driven discretely by a particular output of a particular 74175, which in turn drives either an MPS-A13 (32 total) or an MPS-U45 (4 used for lamps) transistor. There are 2 dedicated lamp driven circuits used for the tilt and game over relays on all System 1 games. The transistors for the game over (Q) and tilt (T) relays are always Q1 and Q2 respectively. Equally, there are 2 dedicated lamp circuits for the high game to date and both shoot again lamps,(one in the backbox and one on the playfield). The transistors for these circuits are always Q3 and Q4 respectively.
There is a maximum of 8 solenoids that the driver board can control. Solenoid transistors receive a pulsed signal from the CPU board, which is applied to the associated transistor base. In turn, the solenoid turns on momentarily. 7 of the 8 solenoid transistors used are a 2N6403. TIP102 transistors are a viable, cheaper replacement for the 2N6403. The 8th transistor is a actually a pair of transistors consisting of an MPS-U45 and a 2N3055. There are 5 dedicated controlled solenoids used on all System 1 games. A table of all the solenoids, their associated transistors, and whether or not they are dedicated is listed below.
| Sol. # | Sol. Name | Transistor # | Dedicated (Y / N) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Outhole | Q32 | Y |
| 2 | Knocker | Q25 | Y |
| 3 | 10's Chime | Q26 | Y |
| 4 | 100's Chime | Q27 | Y |
| 5 | 1000's Chime | Q28 | Y |
| 6 | Solenoid 6 | Q31 | N |
| 7 | Solenoid 7 | Q30 | N |
| 8 | Typically drop target reset | Q29 & Q45 | N |
Starting with Joker Poker, Gottlieb went beyond the threshold of controlled solenoids with 9 total. To accomplish this, they used an MPS-A13 lamp transistor to "pre-drive" a 2N5875 transistor remotely located under the playfield. This practice continued on other System 1 games. See the Remote Mounted Transistorsection for a complete listing of games.
There are two variations of the driver board used in System 1 games. Either board will work in any of the System games. The main difference between the two versions of driver boards is the addition of isolation / blocking diodes. These blocking diodes were added to the transistor signal lines from the CPU board. The change occurred during the run of Close Encounters machines. Games prior to Close Encounters and early runs of the same game will not have the blocking diodes added. Late runs of Close Encounters, and any game after will have the blocking diodes. Keep in mind, it is very common to find a board in a game, which was not originally from that particular game. So, don't rely on your Totem or Genie having a driver board with blocking diodes without actually physically looking at the boards installed first.
3.10 Sound
The first three System 1 games: Cleopatra, Sinbad, and Joker Poker all used EM style chimes. A chime for 10 points, 100 points, and 1000 points scored during a game would sound off accordingly.
Starting with Close Encounters of the Third Kind through Pinball Pool, a first generation sound board is used. This is a very rudimentary sound board, which is only capable of generating a total of three beep and boop tones. The tone board uses the same three solenoid drive transistors for input as the chime units, which extremely limits the amount of output sounds. The tone board and chime units are interchangeable, and the tone board often gets swapped for the better sounding chimes.
Games from Totem to Asteroid Annie used the Multi-Mode sound board, also referred to as the "2nd generation" sound board. This is the first sound board created by Gottlieb, which has its own on board CPU chip. The same three solenoid drive transistors used by chime units and tone boards is used by the 2nd generation sound board. Two additional input signals, tilt and game over, are used with this board, increasing its input signals from three to five total. Still, the 2nd generation sound board is somewhat limited, mainly due to the minimal amount of input line signals.
3.10.1 Converting From a Tone Board to Chimes
Converting from a 3 tone sound board to a a mechanical chime box is rather a simple process. There is a 6-pin Molex connector (A6-J2 / A6-P2) located just prior to A7-J1 of the tone board. This connection carries the driver signals for each chime tone, the knocker, and two +24vdc solenoid lines. A factory System 1 chime box conveniently has the exact same connection.
- Disconnect A7-J1 from the tone board, and disconnect the 6-pin Molex connector (A6-J2 / A6-P2).
- Remove the tone board from the side of the cabinet.
- Find a suitable mounting location for the chime box, and place it on the side of the cabinet.
- Mark for the 3 holes at the top and a 4th hole at the bottom of the chime bracket.
- Drill all 4 holes.
- Place a screw in the lower hole first, and screw it in approximately 3/4 of the way. This screw is used only to support the chime box bracket, and should not be tightened completely.
- Screw in the remaining 3 screws.
- Connect the 6-pin connector.
A chime box can be used from an EM game by modifying some wiring and adding diodes to the coils. Daisy chain the +24vdc solenoid bus wire to one lug on each coil. Put the signal wire for each chime tone on the other lug; the smallest chime is the 10 point chime, middle sized is 100 points, and largest is 1000 points. The wire colors are orange-black (311) for 10, green-red (244) for 100, and purple-red (255) for 1000. Orient an 1N4004 diode with its band towards the power bus (daisy-chained) wire on each solenoid.
Keep in mind that most Gottlieb EM chime boxes use A-5195 coils versus the A-17876 coils used in System 1 chime boxes. The A-5195 coils are half the resistance of the A-17876 coils, so the chimes will be struck harder.
3.10.2 Converting From Chimes to a Tone Board
WIP
Not nearly a common practice as converting from a sound board to chimes, but it is possible.
3.11 Display Boards
"What's new is blue!", touted the Cleopatra flyer regarding the blue Futaba displays used in Gottlieb's first solid state venture. The System 1 displays are a fairly reliable, long-lasting display. These vacuum fluorescent displays (VFD) have a tendency to outlast the plasma gas displays, which were commonly used by Williams, Bally, and Stern.
Two different styles of displays were used throughout all System 1 games - four 6 digit displays for the player's score and one 4 digit display for game status. There were two different 6 digit displays used during the System 1 era, however, either style will work in any game, and can be mixed among styles. The display boards and glasses were the same, but the chip sets which were used differed. One style was based on Sprague UDN6118A chips, while the other was based on Dionics DI513 chips.
Three distinct voltages are needed for either the 6 digit or 4 digit displays to function properly.
6 Digit Display
- +60vdc
- +8vdc
- 5vac
4 Digit Display
- +42vdc
- +4vdc
- 3vac
3.12 Solenoids and Relays
All System 1 solenoids and relays are powered by a +24VDC solenoid bus. Each game has CPU controlled solenoids and "non-controlled" solenoids consisting of the same types of solenoids:
- flippers
- pop bumpers
- kicking rubbers (slingshots)
The CPU controlled solenoids are ultimately driven via the driver board, while the non-controlled solenoids are essentially "live" at the start of a game. The conditions which make them live are a normally closed switch on the tilt relay and a normally open switch on the game over relay. Once the game over relay locks in, all that is necessary for these solenoids to activate is an associated playfield switch to close, or in the case of the flippers, pressing the appropriate flipper button. All of the non-controlled solenoids have switches with tungsten contacts, which supply power to the solenoids. It is safe to file or burnish these types of switches. However, there are secondary "gold flashed" scoring switches on the pop bumpers and slingshots, which should not be filed or burnished.
System 1 games employ the use of "open cage" relays. Relays relevant to every game are the tilt relay, game over relay, and coin lockout relay. There are seldom used extra relays on some games such as the vari-target reset too. The tilt, game over, and var-target relays are all controlled by the driver board. But, the coin lockout relay is energized as soon as the game is turned on.
Whether or not a solenoid or relay is controlled by the CPU board, all solenoids and relays should have 1N4004 diodes installed.
Below is a list of solenoids / coils used in System 1 games.
| Sol. # | Common Usage | Wire Gauge | Windings | Resistance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-1496 | Pop bumper | 23 | 635 | 2.95 |
| A-5194 | Kicker (Slingshot), Pop Bumper | 24 | 780 | 4.5 |
| A-5195 | Outhole (early), Knocker, Kickout Hole | 26 | 1305 | 12.3 |
| A-16570 | Outhole (later), Kickout Hole | 27 | 1450 | 15.5 |
| A-16890 | Game over relay, Tilt relay, coin lock out | 35 | 4000 | 231.0 |
| A-17564 | Vari-Target Reset | |||
| A-17875 | Flipper | 24 / 31 | 560 / 1100 | 2.8 / 40.0 |
| A-17876 | Chimes | 28 | 1750 | 24 |
| A-18102 | 3 or 7 (2 used) bank drop target reset | 24 | 1430 | 9.0 |
| A-18318 | 4 bank drop target reset | 24 | 1130 | 6.7 |
| A-17891 | 5 bank drop target reset, Roto | 22 | 850 | 3.35 |
3.13 Rubber Ring Chart
Although the Gottlieb System 1 game manuals do list the location and part numbers for rubber rings used, they fail to list the actually rubber ring size. Below is a handy chart, which lists the Gottlieb rubber OEM number and its size.
| Gottlieb # | Description |
|---|---|
| A-14793 | 23/64" White Mini-Post |
| A-15705 | 27/64" White Mini-Post |
| A-10217 | 5/16" White Ring |
| A-17493 | 7/16" White Ring |
| A-10218 | 3/4" White Ring |
| A-10219 | 1" White Ring |
| A-10220 | 1-1/2" White Ring |
| A-10221 | 2" White Ring |
| A-10222 | 2-1/2" White Ring |
| A-10223 | 3" White Ring |
| A-10224 | 3-1/2" White Ring |
| A-10225 | 4" White Ring |
| A-10226 | 5" White Ring |
| A-13151 | 3/8 x 1-1/2" Standard Red Flipper |
| A-13149 | 3/8 x 1" - Small Beaded Red Flipper |
| A-1344 | Rebound Rubber |
| 1872 | Shooter Tip |
4 Problems and Solutions
4.1 Connectors
4.2 Ground Updates
Gottlieb System 1 games are notorious for having poor ground connections. As mentioned at the introduction of this System 1 guide, ground problems are one of the biggest issues with the System 1 platform. Unlike the other popular manufacturers of the time, Gottlieb relied solely on connectors and daisy-chained wiring to transport the ground lines from board to board. A large ground plane was used behind the boards, but the circuit boards' grounds were not physically secured to it. Gottlieb opted to use plastic standoffs to elevate and secure the boards to the backbox instead. Thus, if a single ground connector failed in the chain, the logic ground could fail for one or several of the circuit boards. This could potentially lead to erratic behavior with locked on coils, relays, and / or controlled lamps. In turn, transistors and chips would fail.
Chiefly due to age and / or alkaline battery damage, the connectors carrying the ground lines would fail. Connectors become fatigued losing their tensile strength against the edge finger surface of the board. Thus, the ground connections would become compromised. Equally, if battery damage was present due to an aged, leaky battery, the connectors would corrode, and either have too much resistance, or completely break. Replacing the failed connectors is always a great start, and highly recommended. However, there are additional procedures to keep from the ground being lost at each board. Once the ground lines are added to the circuit boards, Gottlieb System 1 games are one step closer to being as reliable or more reliable than the other pinball manufactures' games from the same era.
4.2.1 Additional Ground - Power Supply
4.2.2 Additional Ground - CPU Board
4.2.3 Additional Ground - Driver Board
The best place to add an additional ground on the driver board is the negative side of capacitor C1. The capacitor is marked with a "+" on the top side. Using 18ga stranded wire, the new line must be soldered to the bottom of C1, which is the negative side. This coincidentally happens to be the same place the driver board receives ground from the CPU board via the interconnect harness (A1J5 pin 24 to A3J1 pin 22). On the other side of the newly added ground wire, either a solderless crimp eyelet or solderless crimp fork should be added. Once the driver board is reinstalled into the game, mechanically secure the eyelet or fork with one of the screws which hold the metal board rails. Just ensure the screw used to hold the added ground line has continuity to ground.
4.2.4 Additional Ground - Sound Boards
4.3 Power Problems
4.3.1 The Upside Down A2J1 Power Supply Connection
The first power problem is more of a word of caution than anything else. The issue stems from the power input to the power supply, which is located at the bottom connection of the power supply. A2J1 is a 7 pin connection, which is fed power directly from the transformer panel. The problem is that the female connector is not keyed. Since the connector is not keyed, there is a slight risk of installing the connector upside down. The connector would have to be installed with brute force though, as there is a ramp on the bottom of the header pins. On most games, Gottlieb affixed an orange sticker to this connector, stating THIS SIDE DOWN. However, over time due to heat, moisture, and other circumstances, the warning sticker is typically missing.
If you have to exert force to put the the connector on at A1J2, it is being installed upside down.
4.4 MPU Boot Issues
4.4.1 Battery Leakage and Corrosion
Like most any other pinball machine manufactured, Gottlieb System 1 games use batteries to supply power to the non-volatile RAM memory. Certain game settings, high score thresholds (including high score to date), audit information, and bookkeeping information are all options which are saved when the game is powered off. And unless some kind soul, who worked on your machine before, either removed the battery and mounted it remotely away from circuit boards, or just plain removed the battery, there will be some variety of a 3.6v Nickel Cadmium (NiCad) rechargeable battery soldered onto your CPU board.
So, what's so bad about having a battery on the CPU board? Well, nothing really, unless it becomes forgotten, and most cases it does. While you let your pinball machine sit unplayed for weeks, months, or even years at a time, the battery remains perched on the circuit board like a ticking time bomb. I'm not saying the battery is going to blow up, although some replacement non-rechargeable batteries could overheat and / or explode if not correctly installed. The battery is like a ticking time bomb, because it is a threat to the overall health of the electronic components, traces, and connectors attached to your CPU board.
Now that I have your attention regarding the whole battery thing, let's talk about the battery, and what happens. . .WHEN GOOD BATTERIES GO BAD. It's not that some batteries were born on the wrong side of the tracks or anything. Any good battery can go bad without much warning. It takes time, but eventually you will find out that your battery has stepped over to the "dark side". That particular time is typically when you turn your game on, the lights come on, and that's it. The displays don't light up, the start up sounds don't resonant, and the silver ball stays in its comfy little home. Nada, nothing, no signs of anything resembling a fun game of pinball. UH-OH! So what happened? The pinball machine worked fine the last time you played it.
Well, while you were out having a good time and enjoying life, the poor, aged, neglected battery decided to wreak havoc all over your CPU board. The CPU battery spewing its guts all over the place is akin to the batteries in the flashlight you haven't turned on since the last power outage over a year or two ago. You go to turn on the flashlight when you need it most, and find out there's something wrong. So being the curious type, you open the flashlight's battery compartment only to find some kind of funk leaking all over, or the batteries now look like they need a shave. The resolution to the flashlight scenario is pretty simple. Throw it away, and buy a new one. Your CPU board problem can be resolved the same way, except it will be a lot more costly, and is not recommended to just pitch it in the trash. If the battery damage to the CPU board is not overly extensive, attempt to repair it.
It's unfortunate, but every battery has a life expectancy. The only silver lining is that some of the Ni-Cad batteries installed on System 1 CPU boards can last longer than others. Probably the worst offender of board destruction is the Data Sentry pack, and its associated knock-offs. This battery comes in a black rectangular plastic package, and is typically found on newer generation CPU boards.
The other common battery style is a what looks like an AA battery on steroids. This style is a fraction longer and fatter than an AA battery's physical form, and has two soldered leads on either end. These are normally held by two clips, which are screwed to the CPU board. Although these types of batteries are found on early generation CPU boards, there are some cases where this style of battery is the chosen replacement. Even though a newer battery of this type may be installed on the board, the same results of battery seepage can occur. The only benefit of this type of battery is that it can be carefully cut (in most cases) from the board without removing the board from your game. This is a plus if no battery damage has occurred.
So what happens if you don't heed the above warnings, and the battery is allowed to remain on the board? Plain and simple - THE BATTERY WILL LEAK! It's only a matter of time. Equally, the path of destruction is uncertain. Batteries don't just leak - they release caustic, alkaline fumes. These fumes attack wherever there is copper, even tinned or soldered copper. The end results are:
- solder joints which become green or gray and crusty as opposed to a shiny silver
- connectors which are also now green / gray or potentially broken
- solder mask, the green covering the electronic traces, on the circuit board has either flaked off or is partially delaminating (lifting)
- insulated wire becomes less flexible and brittle
- sometimes the alkaline "cloud" in the game's backbox can even effect the upper portion of driver board.
Particular areas of a System 1 CPU which are susceptible to alkaline damage are:
- Edge connector fingers at A1J6 and A1J7, in worse cases, A1J5. The associated edge connectors inside the housings will be effected in part or in whole too.
- Solder vias from A1J7 to the component side of the CPU board
- The following chips: Z28, Z8, possibly Z9 and Z6, and in worst cases, the U5 spider chip located just above and to the left of the battery. The majority of chips involved are associated with the switch matrix with the exception of Z6 used for some solenoids.
- Resistors R33 - R36 and R37 - R39, in worse cases R45 - R50
- Other components above the top of the battery.
If the spider chip U5 took a substantial hit, writing off the CPU board for parts only may be the best approach. Although it can be a tedious repair, any of the other components mentioned above are readily available, and can be acquired for replacement.
- Gottlieb System 1 CPU Battery Damage
Illustration of battery damage zones. Green is the mildest damage. Yellow is a little more extensive. Orange is little worse. Red is the most extensive. 
Typical battery damage to the component side of a System 1 CPU 
Back side of same board. Edge connector alkaline damage is more extensive than the norm.
Electronic components, related solder joints, circuit board traces, connectors, and even insulated wire will become unreliable and/or fail. In all cases, the effected components are less conductive.
The only silver lining with System 1 battery alkaline damage is that in most cases the CPU board will still boot. That's not saying there won't be issues with the switches not reacting or solenoids locking on, but the potential for the board to boot is there. So, if you're curious whether the board is worth repairing, first see if the board boots with only A1J1 (power) and A1J2 / A1J3 (displays) connected. This is of course provided that there is no alkaline damage on any of these three connections. The connections may have to be repinned prior to an attempt of booting the board. Likewise, the slam switches will have to be disabled on the CPU board.
If battery damage has occurred, the related parts must now be replaced. Attempting to remove soldered through components on the circuit board is now even more of a task. The green / gray dull solder does not transfer heat well. Battery damaged solder does not flow like clean solder. Also, crimped connectors are more difficult to remove from their housings, and have a tendency to break before they can be successfully pulled out.
After all the effected electronic components are removed, the board must be treated. This process starts by sanding the traces and solder pads until shiny copper is exposed. It is worth mentioning that a battery damaged board can be treated by bead blasting instead of sanding, however, most people do not have access to such a machine. After the copper areas of the board have been either sanded or bead blasted, an acidic bath of 50% vinegar and 50% (preferably distilled) water is applied to the board. A small brush like a toothbrush can be used to scrub the board's area. The purpose of introducing an acid to the effected area is to neutralize what the battery has left behind. The liquid and fumes from the battery are actually a base, not an acid. Next, rinse the area of the board with water. Once the board is clean, isopropyl alcohol (the higher the alcohol percentage the better) is applied to the same area to rinse away the acid bath, and hopefully dissipate any remaining water. Finally, the board is either blown dry or air dried. This may be a given, but DO NOT ATTEMPT TO APPLY POWER TO THE BOARD IF IT IS STILL WET! Most liquids are conductive to some extent. After the previous steps are performed, the task of installing the new components begins. If any traces or solder pads were damaged, see the Repairing Traces portion of this Wiki guide on to to fix them.
The point I'm trying to ultimately make is this. . . regardless of age, shape, or form, remove the battery from the CPU board, as soon as it realized that there is a battery on the board. If not, the board can be damaged, nonfunctional, and become more difficult or even impossible to repair.
4.4.2 Relocating the Battery from the MPU board
4.4.3 Permanently Disabling the Slam Switches
Replace capacitor C2 with a jumper wire. This permanently holds the slam switch closed on a Gottlieb system 1 board. Alternately just solder a piece of wire across C2 to accomplish the same thing.
4.4.4 Connecting a Logic Probe to the CPU Board
The most convenient place to connect a logic probe to a System 1 board set is at the positive (+5vdc) and negative (ground) legs of axial capacitor C16. The positive lead is on the top, while the negative is on the bottom. By no means should a logic probe be connected to axial capacitor C17, which located just below C16, (there is a yellow "X" over it in the adjacent picture). Capacitor C17 is for the -12vdc line. Connection to C17 could destroy a logic probe in short order, and if it doesn't, odd results will be obtained while probing circuits.
4.4.5 Using a PC Power Supply For Bench Testing
4.5 Game resets
4.6 Solenoid and Relay Problems
When troubleshooting a System 1 solenoid / relay problem, the first thing is to determine whether or not the solenoid is controlled by the CPU. The following solenoids and relays are not controlled by the CPU:
- Pop Bumpers
- Slingshot Kickers
- Flippers
- Coin Lockout Relay
The remaining solenoids and relays are all controlled by the CPU. These solenoids and relays include:
- Outhole
- Drop Target Bank Reset
- Kickout Hole
- Knocker
- Chimes
- Game Over Relay
- Tilt Relay
- Vari-Target Reset Relay
Regardless of the type of solenoid or relay, both types are on the same +24VDC solenoid bus. Therefore, any solenoid or relay used in a System 1 game is fused by the same main solenoid fuse, and receives rectified DC voltage from the same solenoid bridge rectifier located on the transformer board. Equally, all solenoids and relays have a path which goes to ground to complete the power circuit. The paths to ground between controlled and non-controlled are just different. Non-controlled solenoids have a high powered switch between the solenoid and ground, while controlled solenoids use a transistor or group of transistors to complete the path to ground.
4.6.1 Non-Controlled Solenoids and Relays
Non-controlled solenoid problems are fairly straightforward.
Details to be added
4.6.2 Controlled Solenoids and Relays
Controlled solenoid problems can be a little more tricky.
Details to be added
4.6.3 Remote Mounted Transistor
Some System 1 games went beyond the threshold of 8 controlled solenoids total. The first game to do as such was Joker Poker. There are 4 drop target banks on the game, but only 3 solenoid drivers are available. To overcome this issue, a remote mounted 2N5875 transistor was added under the playfield, and an MPS-A13 lamp transistor was used to pre-drive the remote mounted transistor.
In other cases, Gottlieb didn't run out controlled solenoid transistors. Instead, they chose to "beef up" the solenoid drive by using a 2N6043 as a pre-drive transistor. System 1 games which use remote mounted transistors are listed in the table below.
| Game Name | Sol. Name | Solenoid or Lamp Designation | Pre-Driver Transistor # | Transistor Type | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joker Poker | Kings Drop Target Bank Reset | Lamp 17 | Q17 | MPS-A13 | |
| Close Encounters | Roto Target | Solenoid 7 | Q30 | 2N6043 | |
| Count-Down | Yellow Target Bank Reset | Lamp 17 | Q17 | MPS-A13 | |
| Count-Down | Blue Target Bank Reset | Lamp 18 | Q18 | MPS-A13 | |
| Pinball Pool | Left (1-7) Drop Target Bank Reset | Lamp 17 | Q17 | MPS-A13 | |
| Hulk | Left ("A") Shooter | Solenoid 6 | Q31 | 2N6043 | |
| Hulk | Right ("B") Shooter | Solenoid 7 | Q30 | 2N6043 | |
| Buck Rogers | Vari-Target Reset | Lamp 17 | Q17 | MPS-A13 | Remote mounted TIP-115 |
| Roller Disco | Left Drop Target Bank Reset | Solenoid 7 | Q30 | 2N6043 | |
| Torch | Left Drop Target Bank Reset | Solenoid 6 | Q31 | 2N6043 | |
| Torch | Right Drop Target Bank Reset | Solenoid 7 | Q30 | 2N6043 | |
| Asteroid Annie | Left Drop Target Bank Reset | Solenoid 7 | Q30 | 2N6043 |
4.6.3.1 Remote Mounted Transistor Upgrade
Shortly after the release of the System 80 game Black Hole, Gottlieb realized that it was necessary to add pull up resistors to remote mounted transistors. Otherwise, the transistor could potentially lock its associated solenoid on, and burn the transistor. However, there were several games prior to Black Hole, where a pullup resistor was never installed. It is highly recommended to add this resistor. This upgrade will decrease the chances of particular solenoids, which use a remote mounted transistor, from locking on upon power first applied to the game.
The 4.7K resistor is soldered to the base of the remote mounted transistor, and then tied to the 24vdc solenoid bus.
4.7 Lamp Problems
Lamp problems are common with most any pinball machine, and Gottlieb System 1 games are no exception. All Gottlieb System 1 games use either a #44 or #47 lamp. The choice of which lamp to use is the preference of the game owner. An occasional #455 blinker bulb is used in the backbox in a specific socket, and will only be powered when the game is in the game over state. Of course, #455s can be used elsewhere in the backbox for effect purposes.
It is highly recommended not to replace or remove lamps with the power to the game on. There are primarily two reasons for this.
- Some lamp sockets must have their mounting brackets bent back to access the bulb for replacement. In turn, the potential of inadvertently shorting one lamp socket to another is possible.
- Lamps are constructed of an equal balance of glass and conductive metal. If a bulb slips out of one's grasp when trying to remove or install with the power on, there are many areas in the bottom of the cabinet, where the metal of the bulb can short across. A short across other circuits could potentially lead to other unplanned or otherwise unnecessary repairs needed to perform.
So in short, change or remove bulbs with the game's power off, just to be safe.
All System 1 games have three separate lamp circuits. The circuits are comprised of:
- General illumination for the backbox
- General illumination for the playfield
- Controlled lamps for primarily the playfield, although, there are four controlled lamps located in the backbox (shoot again, high score game to date, tilt, and game over)
Just one note about controlled lamps. It’s unfortunate, but System 1 games do not strobe the lamps, (turn the controlled lamps on / off), during attract mode. Being at the mercy of the game’s lamp test mode, (self test step 13), is not the greatest option for testing lamps either. During lamp test, the lamps are only powered on solidly for 5 seconds. 5 seconds isn’t nearly enough time to troubleshoot a non-functioning lamp. So, it is best to start a game, and figure out what events it takes to turn the lamp on.
Below are several approaches used to determine the source of a lamp problem, and how it can be resolved.
4.7.1 Bad Bulbs
The first thing when troubleshooting lamp problems, and this may seem blatantly obvious, but determine whether the lamp is good or not. Don't rely on the bulb being brand new either. The ratio of brand new, bad bulbs is slim, but there is that chance a new bulb is not good.
The bulbs used in a System 1 game are powered by ~6 volts. A great way to quickly test a bulb is to use a dying 9v battery. Don't use a fresh 9v battery, or you will shorten the life of the bulb. Find a battery that is roughly putting out 7v - 8.25v. An old battery from a smoke detector works pretty well.
Place the tip of the bulb on one of the battery terminals, and cock the outer metal casing of the bulb to touch the other terminal. Orientation of the bulb with regards to the positive and negative terminals does not make a difference in this case. Do not hold the bulb across the battery terminals for very long. Just long enough to determine if the bulb's filament is lighting or not.
4.7.2 Lamp Power Issues
Secondly, make certain there is power at the lamp socket. The game will have to be turned on for the following procedures.
4.7.2.1 General Illumination Lamp Power Issues
GI lamps are powered by ~6VAC. When testing a GI lamp socket for power, each lead of the DMM (now set in AC mode) will be placed on the two leads of the lamp socket. If there isn't power at the lamp socket, suspect a bad fuse first. Keep in mind that the backbox GI and playfield GI have two separate fuses located on the transformer board in the bottom of the cabinet. These are typically higher amperage rated fast-blo fuses. The backbox GI on a System 1 game is always on when the game is turned on. If the backbox GI fuse is good, and no backbox lights are lit, the connection at A6J3 / A6P3 (pins 12 and 13) which feeds the GI could possibly be bad.
The playfield GI is always powered on too, except when the game is in tilt mode. If the game was not tilted and /or the tilt switches are not stuck closed, check the switch stack on the tilt relay under the right top of the playfield. Specifically focus on the lower two switch leaves of the make-break switch. These switches can sometimes get bent or misaligned due to the nature of the location of the relay and stack, and become inadvertently closed. If the playfield GI fuse is good and the tilt relay switches are good, the connections at A6J5-1 / A6P5-1 and A6J4-7 / A6P4-7 may be suspect.
If the fuse to a particular GI circuit is bad, and continues to blow every time a new fuse is installed, a short is probably causing the issue. A shorted lamp GI circuit is probably the worst and most difficult lamp related issue to resolve. In most cases, the GI power lines are uninsulated wiring, which make them susceptible to shorted circuits. First, determine if the GI short originates on the backbox lamp insert or on the playfield. GI shorts on the playfield are typically more common than lamp insert shorts. Pop bumper lamps are not CPU controlled, and are included in the playfield GI string. Also, depending on the game, star rollover lamps and kickout hole lamps are sometimes part of the playfield GI circuit. Consult the game manual for these particulars.
Although it can be a pain and time consuming, the best approach is to remove all of the bulbs in the associated shorted GI string. In removing all of the bulbs, we are trying to isolate whether the problem is a bad, defective bulb, or one of the GI power lines is shorting to something else.
4.7.2.2 Controlled Lamp Power Issues
Controlled lamps are powered by ~6VDC. When testing a controlled lamp socket, the red lead of the DMM (now set in DC mode) will be placed on the lamp socket mounting bracket. The bare wire soldered to the lamp socket's mounting bracket is the power bus not the ground bus, so be careful. The black lead of the DMM will be placed on ground. If working under the playfield, the ground plate in the bottom of the cabinet is a good place to connect to ground. If working in the backbox, find where one of the green wires with a yellow trace is screwed to the metalwork, and place the lead on it. System 1 game side rails, lockdown bar assemblies, and other associated trim metalwork, except the coin door, were not grounded from the factory like Bally, Williams, and Stern. Therefore, using any of these as a ground reference is not recommended.
If there isn't any power at the lamp socket, suspect a bad fuse first. The controlled lamp circuit has a separate fuse on the transformer board, and is normally a 5 amp slo-blo fuse. If the fuse tests fine, there is a separate set of switch leaves on the tilt relay, which pass the controlled lamp power to the playfield lamps. Inspect and adjust these switches if necessary. If the controlled lamp fuse and the switches on the tilt relay both test good, there may be an issue with the connection at A6J4-6 / A6P4-6.
If the fuse for the controlled lamps is bad, and continues to blow after a new fuse is installed, suspect a bad controlled lamp bridge rectifier. The lamp bridge rectifier is located on the transformer board. Please see the "Testing a Bridge Rectifier" portion of the PinWiki guides.
If all of the above tests good, there may be a short on the controlled lamp bus line. This is not a very common occurrence, but it can happen. Inspect the underside of the playfield for any wires or brackets touching the controlled lamp bus line, which shouldn't be touching.
4.7.3 Bad Lamp Sockets
Third, determine if the lamp socket is good. Some games have been through the wringer, and the sockets didn't hold up too well due to abuse, a damp environment, or other various reasons. Start by turning the power to the game off. If the socket has some corrosion, try using a lamp socket cleaning tool first. If a lamp socket cleaning tool is not available, a small wire brush used for cleaning copper fittings, a rolled up piece of 220 grit sandpaper, or a Dremel tool with a small wire brush attachment can all be used. After the socket has been cleaned, place the bulb in the socket for the following procedures.
If testing a GI lamp socket, use the dying 9v battery trick again. Remove the fuse of the particular GI circuit which the lamp socket being tested is located. Connect the terminals of the 9v battery to the bulb socket with alligator clip leads. Be careful not to short the alligator clips to each other at the battery's terminals. Equally be very careful not to short the clip leads to an adjacent switch on the pinball machine, or anything else for that matter. One clip will connect to one side of the socket, and the other lead will go to the other side of the socket. DO NOT ALLOW THE BATTERY TO STAY CONNECTED VERY LONG. Since this is a GI lamp circuit, other lamps in the string will be powered by the battery. If the battery is connected to the string for too long, the battery will start to get hot. The battery does not have enough power to keep a string of bulbs lit for too long. The lamp may only glow very dimly, but that is enough to determine if the socket is good or not.
If testing a controlled lamp socket, remove the A3-J3 and A3-J5 connector housings from the bottom of the driver board first. Then remove the fuse for the controlled lamp circuit. Clip one lead of the battery to the lamp socket mounting bracket and the other to the solder tab. The orientation of the negative and positive leads of the battery terminals makes no difference. Again, keep the battery connected just long enough to see if the lamps lights to determine whether the lamp socket is good or not.
4.7.4 Controlled Lamp Issues
4.7.4.1 Lamp(s) Will Not Turn On
So, the bulb is good; the socket is good; there's power at the socket; and the lamp still won't light. Well, this occurrence can only really happen if there is a controlled lamp involved. If all three of the above things apply, it can only mean one thing - the bulb is not getting properly grounded, and will not turn on. The source of this problem may be due to several different issues. But, it is best to start at the bulb socket, and work backward towards the CPU board.
Determine if the connector and wiring from the output of the driver board to the lamp socket is good. With the power off, check the continuity between the solder tab of the lamp socket and the collector (right leg) of the associated lamp transistor. If there is continuity, it’s time to test the transistor. See the How to test a transistor portion of the PinWiki guide. If the transistor tests fine, a gate on the 74175 may be bad. The use of a logic probe on the input and output of the associated lamp gate would be a the best test procedure for definitive results.
If more than one controlled lamp is not lighting, check the game’s manual / schematics to see if the bulbs are related in some way. When four lamps are not lighting, it may appear that the 74175 which controls the lamp transistors may be at fault. This can happen, but the more common related issue is that the device select signal for a particular 74175 is lost between the CPU and driver board, or it is simply not being provided by the associated upstream circuitry. Below is a chart of lamp clock signal path.
| Device Select | CPU Connector | Driver Input | Driver Quad Flip-Flop | Transistor #s | Lamp #s |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DS1 | A1J5-21 | A3J1-5 | Z1 | Q1-Q4 | L1-L4 |
| DS2 | A1J5-20 | A3J1-6 | Z2 | Q5-Q8 | L5-L8 |
| DS3 | A1J5-19 | A3J1-7 | Z3 | Q9-Q12 | L9-L12 |
| DS4 | A1J5-18 | A3J1-10 | Z4 | Q13-Q16 | L13-L16 |
| DS5 | A1J5-17 | A3J1-13 | Z5 | Q17-Q20 | L17-L20 |
| DS6 | A1J5-16 | A3J1-14 | Z6 | Q21-Q24 | L21-L24 |
| DS7 | A1J5-14 | A3J1-15 | Z7 | Q33-Q36 | L25-L28 |
| DS8 | A1J5-15 | A3J1-16 | Z8 | Q37-Q40 | L29-L32 |
| DS9 | A1J5-13 | A3J1-17 | Z9 | Q41-Q44 | L33-L36 |
4.7.4.2 Lamp(s) Will Not Turn Off
If a single lamp is involved, or only a handful of lamps with different lamp device select signals, suspect the lamps' associated drive transistors. If a group of four lamps will not turn off, and they are all controlled by the same 74175, suspect the associated 74175 or the device select ("DS" on the schematics). If numerous groups of four lamps will not turn off, suspect the associated 7404 on the CPU board, either Z24 for DS1-DS5 device select signals or Z25 for DS6-DS9 device select signals. If the lamps involved originate from both groups of device select signals, suspect the 74154 4-to-16 decoder IC, Z30, on the CPU board, or possibly the U3 10696EE spider chip on the CPU.
4.8 Switch Problems
There are two types of switches used in System 1 games:
- High current switches with tungsten contacts
- Low current switches with gold flashed contacts
And there are two rules to follow regarding switches.
- DO NOT CLEAN SWITCHES WITH THE POWER ON
- DO NOT ADJUST SWITCHES WITH THE POWER ON
The first rule is a little obvious with high current switches, but possibly not so evident with low current switches. The potential to short switches to adjacent metal objects or power bus lines is there. To keep from creating worse, more complicated issues beyond the initial issue, please heed the above two rules.
4.8.1 High Current Switch Problems
High current switches are used wherever the +24VDC solenoid bus passes through. These switches have large surface contacts which allow the solenoid power to pass through without prematurely failing. Assemblies such as the pop bumper power switches, (switches closest to the underside if the playfield), slingshot power switches (located above the playfield), flipper end of stroke switches, flipper cabinet switches. and some relay stack switches. All of the high current switches can be burnished with an ignition file or a flexstone.
Common problems related to high current switches are:
- Fouled or pitted switch contacts
- Maladjusted switches
- Missing contacts
- Contacts no longer peened to its switch leaf
- Broken switch leaves
The first two issues can typically be resolved by either filing the switch pairs or readjusting the switch leaves accordingly. However, if switch contacts are severely pitted, or switches are overly bent numerous times that restoring their proper function is not possible, it is best to replace the switch pair. Likewise, if the switch problem falls into the latter three issues, it is best to replace the switch pair.
4.8.2 Low Current (Switch Matrix) Switch Problems
Low current switches are all of the switches used in the switch matrix. A signal is sent from the CPU on one leaf, while the signal is sent back to the CPU via the other leaf, provided that the switch is closed and functioning properly. The amount of current passing through the switches and its contacts is minimal. Each switch on the switch strobe side has a 1N270 Germanium diode. The purpose of this diode is to isolate each switch from one another in the matrix. Without a diode installed, more than one switch closure would be recognized by the CPU.
4.8.2.1 Switches Stuck Closed
Two of the most common problems with switches staying closed are:
- The switch dampener is shorting to the adjacent switch leaf.
- Switch closures suddenly appear after new rubber is applied to the playfield.
The switch dampener is a piece of slightly bent metal located between the two switch leaves. The purpose of the switch dampener is twofold. First, it is used to adjust the switch leaf, which is typically furthest away from rubber or a rollover switch actuator. The dampener rests against the shorter adjustable switch leaf of a switch pair. Since thicker, more rigid metal is used than the switch leaves, the dampener is easier to adjust a switch more precisely if bending it alone or while paired with the switch leaf. The downturn is that the dampener can be adjusted so it rests against the longer switch leaf, thus shorting the switch closed.
Often, when you replace the rubber on the playfield, since the rubber is tighter, switches that are behind the rubber will exhibit less gap. This is especially true when you tighten the posts that hold the rubber before installing the new rubber (always check the post tension to the playfield as often the posts become loose). When you put the new rubber on, check the switch(es) behind it to ensure they are not gapped too close, and adjust if so. The blade that touches the rubber should barely touch it, and the blade behind it should be about 1/8"-3/32" away. This way a slight graze of the ball on the rubber will activate the switch, but not so close that multiple closures will occur, nor will vibration from other mechanical devices cause false closures.
4.8.2.2 Multiply Switch Closures From the Same Switch
Two of the most common problems with switches closing more than once are:
- The switch dampener is not adjusted tightly against the adjustable switch leaf of a switch pair.
- Switches are gapped too close.
The second purpose of the switch dampener is to decrease the amount of bounce from a switch once it closes. If you inspect the action of a switch closure, there is always some degree of bounce after the two switch leaf contacts make initial contact. Because the switch leaves are very flexible, the amount of bounce without a switch dampener is much more drastic. The end result of more switch bounce is multiply switch closures.
Switches can become gapped too close, especially if new rubber replaced on the playfield. See the above description regarding replaced rubber for a detailed explanation why this occurs.
4.8.2.3 Switches not Showing as Closed When They Should Be
Conversely, switches may not be identified by the CPU board as being closed when the switches are physically closed. There are several reasons why this occurs. The reasons, (listed from most common or simplest to resolve to least common or most difficult to resolve), for this to happen are:
- The switch is dirty.
- The gold contacts on the switch have have been burnished or filed at one time.
- The connector contacts at A1-J7 or A1-J6 are bad.
- There is a break in the switch strobe or switch return line.
- A shorted switch diode.
- The buffer or spider chips in the switch matrix have failed.
- Inside a pinball machine, there are many different contaminants which can foul a switch, and switch contacts do and will get dirty over time. See the section below on how to clean a low current switch.
- If cleaning a switch does not resolve the issue, carefully inspect the switch contacts with high magnification. If the contacts are drastically scored or appear to have been sanded, the only resolution is to replace the switch pair. During the EM era, the common practice was to clean switches with an ignition file or a flexstone. Because only high current switches were used then, these were both acceptable practices to clean a switch. However, some operators or repair people did not initially grasp the concept of not cleaning solid state switches by filing or burnishing.
- The connectors at A1-J7 and A1-J6 handle all of the switch strobes and returns. If the connectors have not been repinned, it is common for the metal connectors to loose tensile strength, become corroded due to alkaline battery damage, or break. If any of these things have happened, the connection to the CPU board is compromised, and switches may work sporadically or not at all. The best recourse is to remove all the existing connectors, and replace the connectors with new ones. Replacing connectors by crimping new ones in place is the proper method. Cleaning connectors with contact cleaner, sanding the connectors, or bending the connectors are all considered only temporary fixes, if they even work at all.
- It's not too common with System 1 games to have switch lines that break or cold solder joints on switch solder tabs, but it can happen. The best method to find a break in the line is to perform a continuity test from the switch solder tab to the appropriate connection on the CPU board, (A1J7 for playfield switches and A1J6 for coin door switches).
- As mentioned above, the switch strobes do have 1N270 Germanium diodes soldered in line. The diodes are located on a centralized diode board. Although it's not too common, but the diodes can fail. It is best to remove the appropriate connector on the CPU board, either A1J7 or A1J6 before testing a switch diode. In doing this, other components on the CPU, if they have failed, will not skew the readings. Using a DMM in diode test mode, the typical readings seen when testing a 1N270 diode are ~.18 - .27, and no reading when the DMM leads are reversed. These numbers are just a gauge, and different DMMs will yield different results. To best identify a failed diode, take sample measurements from several other switch diodes. If a specific diode under test is comparatively out of the range with the other diodes, chances are that particular diode has failed. Replace failed diode with a 1N270 diode only.
- All of chips responsible driving the switch matrix can fail. The return (Z9 or Z28) and strobe (Z8) buffer chips are the first chips to test. The returns use a 7405, while the strobes use a 7404. It is common for a single gate or a couple of gates to fail on these chips. The chips do not necessarily have all gates fail. A logic probe should be used to ensure that the switch strobe and return line inputs and outputs are reacting as they should. (++++add more result detail here+++). If the buffer chips test fine, the next course of action is test the output of U5 with a logic probe. (++++add more result detail here+++)
4.8.2.4 Cleaning Low Current Switches
Low current switches SHOULD NOT BE FILED OR BURNISHED. As mentioned above, the low current switches are gold flashed, and filing, using a flexstone, nail file, or sandpaper will remove the thin gold plating. In turn, the switch will become less reliable or not function at all. The best approach to cleaning a gold flashed switch is to place a piece of heavy card stock (a business card, index card, etc.) between the two switch leaves. A 1/2" wide strip of card stock works best for getting into tight locations, but a business card works in a pinch.
- Insert the card stock between the two switch leaf contacts.
- Gently close the two switch leaves, applying slight pressure at the switch contact of the outer switch leaf or leaves.
- With the switch leaves still closed on the card stock, slowly pull the card stock strip from the length of the switch leaf. Do not pull the card stock strip from the side of the switch, because not as much surface area of the strip will be "wiping" the switch contacts. Plus, the potential to bend or twist the leaf switches out of shape is more probable.
- The end results of cleaning a switch are what looks like light pencil marks on the card stock, if the switch leaf contacts are in fact dirty.
- Repeat the whole process, until grey streaks on the card stock are no longer seen.
4.8.2.5 Testing Switches in the Switch Matrix
Gottlieb has a switch test option to test any of the switches in the switch matrix. The switch test can be entered via the white test button, which is located inside the coin door. Switch test starts once "13" is notated on the left side of the status display, and after lamp and solenoid tests have completed. For switch test, the ball can remain in the outhole, as the outhole switch is not on the switch matrix, and not tested while in switch test.
During switch test, any of the switches on the switch matrix can be tested by activating a switch closure, and the associated switch number will be notated on the right side of the status display. If multiple switches are activated, all switches will be displayed from the lowest strobe number first, incrementing the switches on the same return, and continuing to the next switch strobe line, until all results have been displayed. An example would be if all of the drop targets are down (all drop target switches closed) on Charlie's Angels. The 3 bank drop targets are switch numbers 10, 11, and 12, (top to bottom), while the 5 bank drop targets are switch numbers are 30, 31, 32, 33, and 34 (left to right). The results during switch test will display the numbers in the following sequence: 10, 30, 11, 31, 12, 32, 33, and 34.
The System 1 switch test is especially beneficial for identifying complete switch strobe or return failures. If none of the switches are closed in the switch matrix upon entering switch test, but multiple switches are identified as being closed, a switch strobe or return failure is more than likely the culprit. An example would be if switches 02, 12, 22, 32, 42, 52, 62, and 72 are reported as closed, there is a switch strobe issue. Likewise, if switches 30, 31, 32, 33, and 34 are reported as closed, there is a switch return issue.
The switch test on a System 1 game is implemented quite well, except it is painstakingly slow. However, there is an alternate, quick and dirty method to test System 1 switches. This test will not display the actual switch number closure, but it will let the tester know that a switch has successfully been closed or not.
- Put the game in attract mode.
- Close the switch to be tested. If the displays "flicker" for a brief moment as the switch closes, the game has identified it as a successful switch closure. If the displays do not "flicker", the switch closure was not identified. Note: This test only works with the original Gottlieb mpu board - aftermarket replacement boards do not exhibit this behavior.
This test is particularly great for identifying whether or not a parallel wired scoring switch is stuck closed by closing a second scoring switch with the exact same switch number. If the displays do not flicker, the reason is more than likely due to one of the other parallel switches with the same number remaining closed. An example would be the 10 pt. switches used on a System 1 game. Most games have at least four 10 pt. switches. If all of the 10 pt. switches fail to score during game play, the issue is typically one of the parallel switches is closed. Although the attract mode switch test will not identify which of the many 10 pt. switches is closed, it is great for quickly verifying a switch closure.
4.9 Display Problems
4.9.1 Display Test
Gottlieb System 1 display tests are steps 11 and 12 of the diagnostics. Step 11 tests player 1 and 3, cycling 000000, 111111, 222222, etc. on each display. Step 12 tests player 2 and 4 displays in the same way. The credit/match display, unlike System 80 tests, is not tested during display test. That is, the digit sequences do are not displayed on the credit/match display during test steps 11 and 12.
4.9.2 Open Slam Switch
If after turning a System 1 game on, and the scoring displays turn on immediately without a 5 second delay, there is a problem. However, this is not a display issue, if the displays are showing all outer segments (all zeroes) lit, and "strobing" or "rolling" rapidly. The problem is actually due to an open slam switch on the coin door or the ball roll tilt.
4.9.3 Shorted Coin Switch
If after turning a System 1 game on, and the scoring displays turn on immediately without a 5 second delay, there is a problem. This is not a display issue either. In this case, the scoring displays will all solidly show 000000, and not alternate between high score to date. This is typically a symptom of one of the two coin switches shorting to the coin door.
{WIP}
The blue Futaba display glasses used by Gottlieb System 1 machines are a fairly reliable, long-lasting display. Although, they can and do still fail. It's just a matter of diagnosing the symptoms of a failed display.
Display problems can primarily be classified into the following categories:
- Power problems
- Display glass failure
- Data problems
4.9.4 Display Power Problems
Before even attempting to work on System 1 displays, there are two caveats to heed. First and foremost, the displays function due to the necessity of several voltages, including high voltage. IF YOU ARE UNCOMFORTABLE WORKING ON HIGH VOLTAGE CIRCUITS, THEN DO NOT WORK ON SYSTEM 1 DISPLAYS! High voltage can hurt or even kill you. If you don't feel comfortable working around this type of scenario, then hire a professional to do the work. Secondly, any time a display connector needs to be disconnected, DO NOT REMOVE ANY DISPLAY RELATED CONNECTOR WITH THE POWER ON! This goes for the connectors located directly at the display, connectors A1J2 and A1J3 on the CPU board, A2J3 on the power supply board, and A6J3 / A6P3 from the transformer. Removing connectors with the power on can damage the display, the CPU board, and / or you. Sorry to "yell", but it is extremely important to stress the above two statements. Now that this is out of the way, let's move on.
As stated above, the displays need several sources of voltage to function properly. These voltages include +5VDC for all displays. As far as the other voltages, they are broken down by the type of display: +60VDC, +8VDC offset, and 5VAC are used for the 6-digit displays; +42VDC, +4VDC offset, and 3VAC are used for the 4-digit status display. If any of these voltages are missing, the display will never light.
The best place to start checking voltages is simple - the fuse for the high voltage display source. In most every System 1 game, there is a 1/4 amp slo-blo fuse used for the display voltage. This fuse is located on the transformer board in the bottom of the cabinet. The first thing to do is to unplug the game from the wall outlet. Then, remove the fuse from its fuse holder. When checking fuses, never "eyeball" the fuse. Your eyes may tell you that the fuse is good, but your eyes can fool you. Use a digital multi-meter (DMM) or a continuity tester to check fuses. Put each lead of DMM on opposite ends of the fuse. A tone should be heard. If not, the fuse is bad, and should be replaced with the same value. Fuses are used to protect equipment, the surroundings, and you. Installing fuse values with higher ratings is very dangerous. DO NOT USE A FUSE RATED AT A HIGHER RECOMMENDED VALUE!
4.9.5 Display Glass Failure
The simplest and easiest problem to identify is display glass failure. All of the 6 digit displays used by Gottlieb System 1 games will have a black "blotch", for lack of a better term, in the upper left and lower right corner of the glass. The 4-digit status display typically has only one black blotch. The evidence of a black blotch or blotches is good.
However, if there is a muted white blotch visible at the corners of the display, it means the display's "vacuum" has been compromised, either due to a cracked glass or broken nipple. If this is the case, the display glass can not be repaired and is useless.
The display filaments within the glass can also break. The end result will be segments with missing sections or "hot spots" when the display is powered. The "hot spots" are caused by the "dangling", broken filament shorting to other good filaments. If a display filament breaks, do not use the display as shorted displays can damage other game components.
Even though the glass itself is bad, the chips on the display board may still be good. So don't necessarily discount the display as being all bad. UDN6118A and 7432, (chip used on status display only), chips are getting more costly, and Dionics DI513s are very scarce. Since the display board is single sided, removal of the chips is quite easy. Plus, the display PCBs are no longer being made. The display board and / or chips may come in handy some time in the future.
4.9.6 Data Problems
4.10 Sound problems
4.10.1 Chime Box
There is a small rubber strip on the bottom of the chime box that functions as a cushion for the chime plungers. Over time it becomes sticky and prevents the chime plunger from reacting quickly, causing a weak sounding chime. Remove this strip and replace it with some thick foam weatherstripping; you might have to use 2 layers to get a nice thickness. Clean the ends of the plungers of any sticky residue with some isopropyl alcohol. Inspect the nylon tips of the plungers and replace any that are too short.
Each chime bar is held to the chime box by a screw with a rubber grommet enabling the chime bar to 'float' without touching any metal. If this grommet is old, missing or simply worn, the chimes won't ring true, they'll end up sounding like a dull ting instead of a music like tone. You can get new grommets at any hardware store that has a good selection of hardware. (Sears Hardware and Ace are good places to look). Make sure the chime bars are not screwed down all the way to the box; you want the bars to 'float' for aurally pleasing results.
4.10.2 Tone Board
The design of the basic tone sound board used in system 1's produces a tone as long as the 555 timer's input is grounded. If a continuous tone is produced, suspect a bad driver transistor on the lamp/solenoid driver board holding the ground on.
4.10.3 Multi-Mode Sound Board
stub
4.11 Flipper problems
The System 1 "fat boy" flipper mechanism appeared on the earliest System 1 games and was carried all the way through System 80 except for the last game. Operators loved it because it rarely breaks. Players were harder on it, leading Gottlieb to finally move the the System 3 ("thin boy") mechanism. Unlike the System 1 mechanism, players AND operators dislike the System 3 mechanism.
The mechanism itself is a serial-wound flipper coil with an EOS switch, activated by a cabinet switch. Operation is broadly similar to other manufacturers.
The System 1 flipper mechanism is a little wimpy, compared to some (that is, Williams). The heavy flipper bat and super-durable mechanisms also tend to add a bit of weight.
The System 1 flipper mechanism is incredibly hardy. If it is clean and assembled correctly, it will work reliably for a long time.
The major weakness is the EOS switch. The EOS switch is actuated by the crank assembly, and it's a metal-on-metal contact point. After a time, the crank may wear a hole in the EOS switch. At one time (late '80s), Gottlieb offered a kit that added a roller, making the flipper mechanism even better. But in home use, even that modification is overkill.
The flipper plunger is attached to a squarish nylon link that does wear out—that is, the hole may enlarge. Alternatively, the nylon can break. In these cases, the link must be replaced. A punch is very helpful in removing the roll pin that holds the link into the crank.
Coil stops and plungers do occasionally show wear, and can be replaced, but it's not really necessary often to do so.
Steve Young sells a nice kit to do a flipper rebuild, but unlike a Williams flipper, it is better to replace parts as needed. They simply don't self-destruct the way late-model Williams flippers do.
5 Game Specific Problems
5.1 Joker Poker
For the "kings" drop target bank reset coil locking on at start up, see the Remote Mounted Transistorsection.
6 Repair Logs
Did you do a repair? Log it here as a possible solution for others.