Sega/Stern White Star Repair
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1 Introduction
2 Games
2.1 Sega
- Apollo 13
- Goldeneye
- Twister
- Independence Day
- Space Jam
- Star Wars Trilogy
- The Lost World Jurassic Park
- The X Files
- Starship Troopers
- Viper Night Driving
- Lost in Space
- Godzilla
- Harley-Davidson
- South Park
2.2 Stern
- Striker Xtreme
- Sharkey's Shootout
- High Roller Casino
- Austin Powers
- Monopoly
- NFL
- Playboy
- Roller Coaster Tycoon
- The Simpsons Pinball Party
- Terminator 3: Rise Of The Machines
- The Lord Of The Rings
- Ripley's Believe It Or Not
- Elvis
- Grand Prix
- The Sopranos
- NASCAR
3 Technical Info
3.1 The White Star Board Set
3.1.1 CPU / Sound Board
There are two versions of the White Star CPU/Sound board. The board as used in Sega machines starting at Apollo 13 (A13) and Stern machines up to Terminator 3 (T3) are the standard version as shown above which is part #520-5136-16. Stern machines starting from Lord of the Rings (LOTR) used a different version of the White star CPU/Sound board called White Star modified, part #520-5300-00. Stern had this in-between version made because the BSMT2000 audio chip wasn't available anymore and having it reproduced was too expensive. The White Star modified therefore uses an BSMT2000 emulation circuit consisting of an Atmel AT91R40008 microcontroller and an Atmel AT49BV1614 16Mbit flash memory. It is backwards compatible with the standard version so it can be used in Sega White Star based games and White Star based games from Stern prior to LOTR as well.
The BSMT2000 based White Star sound system is basically the same as the sound circuitry on Data East/Sega soundboards 5020-5050-0x, 5020-5077-00 and 5020-5126-02.
There are some programmed TIBPAL16L8 PAL chips on the board, these are programmable logic chips. They have a color dot on them so they can be recognized. U213 is one of these chips and it's right in the battery corrosion area. It is readily available, already programmed under part number 965-6504-00 (blue dot), the only exceptions to that are Sharkey's shootout using part number 965-5023-00 (gold dot) and Lord of the Rings LE with a shaker motor installed using a different part number (the standard LOTR without a shaker motor uses the standard 965-6504-00 but the software version supporting the shaker motor will only run on the alternative U213).
There are two more PAL chips on the board at U19 (yellow dot, 965-0136-00) and U20 (white dot, 965-0137-00). These aren't needed very often for repairing sound boards but they do go bad now and then. Data retention for these programmable logic chips is generally specified at 20 years or more. The first Whitestar boards are from 1995 so from 2015 they start exceeding the data retention period and although big problems are not to be expected it wouldn't be unlikely when more of these start to fail.
The programmable logic in the board design makes it harder to repair the boards because of the grey area it causes in the schematics as there aren't any logic diagrams of these available. In short; you don't know what they do so you don't know what the output should be.
3.1.2 Power Driver Board
3.1.3 Display Controller Board
3.1.4 Display Power Supply
The output voltages of this board should be approximately: Measured from GND on CN2 pin 4/5
-110V on CN2-1
-98V on CN2-2
+5V on CN2-6 (directly from the input on CN1-7)
+12V on CN2-7 (+20V comes from CN1-6 and is regulated on +12V by VR1 (L7812CV)
+68V on CN2-8
Fuse type on the board: 0.75A SB
Common failures:
Fuse blowing
-110V missing or too low
-98V missing or too low
+68V missing or too low
Solutions:
A blowing fuse is often caused by a defect rectifier diode D1 or D2 (1N4004, can be replaced by 1N4007). When D1 was defect and replaced there's a big chance that Q1 and Q3 are defect as well. When D2 was defect and replaced often Q2, Q4 and Q5 are defect too.
-120V problems are often caused by a defect transistor on Q2 (MPSA42) and/or Q4 (MJE15031) when one of the transistors is defect there's a big chance the other is defect as well. Replace zener diode D4 (3.9V), D6 (100V) and D7 (13V) as well.
-100V problems are often caused by a defect transistor on Q5 (MJE15030) or zener diode D6 (100V), it's best to replace both. The 2k/5W resistor on R8 might also cause the problem, mostly because of bad solder contacts.
+60V problems are often caused by a defect transistor on Q3 (MJE15030) and/or Q1 (MPSA92) when one of the transistors is defect there's a big chance the other is defect as well. Replace zener diode D3 (3.9V) and D5 (68V) as well.
3.1.5 128 x 32 Dot Matrix Display
All Sega or Stern White Star games make use of a 128 x 32 "standard" dot matrix display.
3.2 Recommended Documentation
As always, it is highly recommended to possess a game manual. Every game manual is full of detailed information regarding game specific switch, lamp, and coil assignments. Equally, details for maneuvering through test, audit, and bookkeeping screen menus, schematics for all boards used, and game specific mechanical assemblies are included. Hard copy game manuals can be purchased through several of the recommended pinball parts suppliers.
The Stern Pinball, Inc. website currently archives theory of operation and board schematics in PDF format at the time of this writing. Scroll down to the bottom of the linked page to review the documents available.
3.3 The Wire Coloring Code
White Star games do not use color coding system. Instead, the wire color was marked accordingly in the associated documentation, (ie. a green wire with a brown trace is referred to as GRN-BRN, orange with violet is ORG-VIO, white is just WHT, etc.).
3.4 Switch Matrix
3.5 Dedicated Switches
3.6 Lamp Matrix
3.7 Trough Opto Boards
++++ Need pics of the single opto transmitter and receiver boards ++++++
All White Star Games use trough opto boards at the location of the trough VUK which feeds the ball to the shooter lane. Earlier White Star games, (Apollo 13 to Godzilla - need Godzilla confirmed) use only a single opto above the VUK plunger. Later White Star games (Harley-Davidson to NASCAR / Grand Prix) use a two opto system. The lower opto serves a dual purpose. It is the opto just above the VUK plunger like earlier games, but is also designated as trough switch #4. The upper opto is designated as the "stacking opto". Its purpose is to identify when a ball inadvertently gets "stacked" above a ball located at the VUK plunger.
To briefly summarize the operation of White Star VUK opto boards, if an object is blocking the light beam between the transmitter opto LED and the receiver opto LED, the CPU detects this as a switch closure. When an object is not present to break the light beam, the CPU detects this as an open switch. The components used on the opto receiver board are designed to do as such.
The transmitter side is simply an ultra-red LED with a current limiting resistor. The receiving opto is the same style ultra-red LED, and is able to detect the light wavelength emitted from the transmitting LED. By using discrete components on the receiving side, the appropriate signal is sent to the CPU via the switch matrix return (row). When LEDs are paired together in this type of fashion, the receiving LED emits a very small amount of voltage, when the proper light wavelength is present. By employing such a design, failure on the receiver opto side is more common.
This particular system is contrary to how Bally / Williams WPC CPUs handle opto pairs. Equally, WPC games employ infrared (IR) opto switch pairs. If interested in learning the theory of operations for the White Star opto trough upkicker boards, please consult the manual. Sega / Stern have included some excellent, detailed, technical documentation within their manuals.
3.8 Flippers
All Sega / Stern White Star flipper assemblies are solid state controlled. Apollo 13 and Goldeneye are the only two White Star games which use a separate solid state flipper control board located in the game's lower cabinet. Starting with Twister, the flipper board was abandoned, and circuitry to control the flippers was incorporated into the power driver board.
Please note that the adjacent pic of the White Star flipper assembly has a Williams flipper link / plunger and coil stop installed.
4 Problems and Solutions
4.1 Power Problems
4.2 MPU boot issues
4.2.1 Relocating the battery from the MPU board
4.2.2 Repairing Alkaline Corrosion
Sega/Stern White Star boards are well known for issues with leaky batteries. This is because the Batteries are mounted on the top of the board - with plenty of board beneath it for the corrosion to affect.
Remember - Battery Acid is an Alkali - it needs to be neutralised before fixing any damage that was caused. Most commonly used is vinegar, since it is an acid, however not a strong one and one that will adversely affect the surrounding areas of the board.
4.2.3 Connecting a logic probe to the MPU
4.2.4 Using a PC Power Supply For Bench Testing
4.3 Low +5VDC and Game Resets
The +5VDC for logic power is sourced from the 8VAC secondary windings on the transformer. The 8VAC is fed to the I/O Power Driver Board, and rectified via bridge rectifier, BRDG21. The rectified DC voltage is regulated via an LM338K adjustable voltage regulator. Logic voltage can be adjusted via R116 on the driver board, which is a 50 ohm adjustment potentiometer.
U413, which is located on the CPU / sound board next to the reset button, is a Dallas Maxim DS1232 monitoring chip. In theory, should the logic voltage dip to less than 5% or +4.75VDC, the DS1232 will force a reset of the CPU. However, it has been determined that most White Star board sets will not function properly below +4.85VDC.
If the voltage on the power I/O driver board is below the +4.85VDC threshold, adjustment can be made via the R116 adjustment pot, until a satisfactory voltage is achieved. The best location to measure the +5VDC is at the bottom leg of resistor R114. R114 is located in the vicinity of the R116 adjustment pot, and just below the +5VDC LED, L2. If a satisfactory voltage cannot be achieved, turn the game off. Remove connector J16, located above the LM338 regulator. Turn the game back on, and measure the +5V again. If a satisfactory voltage can be acquired with J16 disconnected, a board or component which uses the +5VDC is "dragging" it down. Turn the game off, and remove all 5V input connectors on all other boards at this time. Reconnect J16 again, and review the logic voltage on the I/O Power Driver board. Repeat the process of turning off the game, and reinstalling logic power connectors one at a time to determine the suspect board. Keep in mind that all opto switch receivers used throughout the game use the same +5VDC logic lines. If no other boards in the backbox appear to be suspect, an opto transmitter board may be at fault.
Should the game start randomly resetting, the first course of action is to measure the +5VDC on the I/O Power Driver Board. If the logic voltage is within spec., measure the +5VDC on the CPU / sound board. The +5V test point on the CPU / sound board is located just to the left of the 6809EP CPU chip (U209) on the board. If the voltage drastically differs between the measurement of the I/O Power Driver Board and the CPU / sound board, turn the game off. Remove and reseat connections CN2 on the CPU / sound board and J16 on the I/O power driver board.
4.3.1 Game Resets with DMD Controller Board Connected
This may be a bit of an anomaly, but it is worth mentioning. If when the DMD controller board is connected without the data line ribbon cables, and the game continues to reset, replacement of BRDG21 may be required.
In one particular instance, a game was resetting continually with only the +5v / ground connection connected to the DMD controller board. If the board was not connected, the driver board would output ~+5VDC. If the DMD controller board was connected, the driver board's logic line would dip down to around +4.85VDC. Logically speaking, this type of symptom somewhat points to the DMD controller board having issue. However, the end result was replacement of BRDG21 per Stern tech support.
It is worth mentioning that the bridge rectifier did test correctly (using a DMM in diode test) both in circuit and out of circuit, but these tests were conducted while the bridge was not under load.
4.4 Solenoid problems
4.5 Lamp problems
4.6 Switch problems
4.6.1 Opto Switch Problems
4.6.1.1 Two Balls Served, Continuous Balls Served to the Shooter Lane, or the Trough VUK Fires Repeatedly
Common problems with some White Star games are:
- Two balls are served to the shooter lane.
- Balls are continuously served to the shooter lane.
- The trough VUK repeatedly fires, when there are no balls above the VUK trough plunger.
Depending on the exact circumstances, and the era of the White Star game, one or two of these symptoms can occur. The crux of the problem is either one or both of the two trough LED opto transmitters or receivers is failing. Rarely do the components on the trough opto boards other than the red LEDs actually fail though. And in most cases, it is not the LED itself, although, there are some instances when the problem is a failing LED. It is noteworthy that the issue is more common to the opto receiver side more so than the opto transmitter side.
A little background regarding how White Star games handle opto switch pairs is necessary. With White Star games, opto switch pair closures are analyzed by the CPU in the same manner as leaf switch pairs or normally open (NO) microswitches. In other words, when a leaf or NO microswitch closes, the end result is identified by the CPU as a valid switch closure.
Again, to briefly summarize the operation of White Star VUK opto boards, if an object is blocking the light beam between the transmitter opto LED and the receiver opto LED, the CPU detects this as a switch closure. When an object is not present to break the light beam, the CPU detects this as an open switch. The components used on the opto receiver board are designed to do as such.
The transmitter side is simply an ultra-red LED with a current limiting resistor. The receiving opto is the same style ultra-red LED, and is able to detect the light wavelength emitted from the transmitting LED. By using discrete components on the receiving side, the appropriate signal is sent to the CPU via the switch matrix return (row). When LEDs are paired together in this type of fashion, the receiving LED emits a very small amount of voltage, when the proper light wavelength is present. By employing such a design, failure on the receiver opto side is more common.
This particular system is contrary to how Bally / Williams WPC CPUs handle opto pairs. Equally, WPC games employ infrared (IR) opto switch pairs. If interested in learning the theory of operations for the White Star opto trough upkicker boards, please consult the manual. Sega / Stern have included some excellent, detailed, technical documentation within their manuals. Stern Service Bulletin #67 includes detailed theory of operation of these opto switches too.
If the any of the previously mentioned symptoms are evident, the best approach is to first put the game into "Clear Ball Trough" mode via the Portal buttons on the coin door. Consult the manual documentation for details how to enter this test. Once all of the balls are removed from the trough, no balls should display on the DMD display. If either of the two images shown to the left are displayed on the DMD, and the ball trough no longer has any balls present, there is a problem with either the transmitting or receiving opto boards.<br=clear all>
The first thing is to observe the two red opto LEDs on the transmitting board. This board is located on the backside of the ball trough. If the transmitting LEDs are lit, there probably is not a problem with them. However, this is not always necessarily the case. Secondly, inspect the opto LEDs on the receiving board. To do this, the game will have to be turned off, and the receiving opto board removed via the three screws which attach it to the trough. Look for hairline cracks around the .100" angled header pin solder joints. Likewise, inspect the solder joints around the opto LEDs. If cracks are evident in any of these locations, remove, and apply fresh solder to these connections. Reinstall the receiver board, and observe the results. Conversely, if hairline cracks are not found, or if the same symptoms are still evident after reflowing solder joints, replacement of the LED optos is suggested.
White Star games initially used MT5000UR ultra-bright red LEDs, while later games used TLRH180P ultra-bright red LEDs for both the transmitter and receiver boards. Both styles of LEDs have become expensive and fairly difficult to source. Great Plains Electronics offers the MV8114 as viable replacement for either original, factory LED. The only caveat is that both the transmitter and receiver opto LEDs must be replaced in pairs to ensure proper function.
When replacing the opto LEDs, make certain the base of the LED is placed squarely on the PCB. An LED which is poorly installed may result in sporadic switch closures.
+++++ Need pic of Lock Ball Assy. ++++++
Please note that a "Lock Ball Assembly" was employed in the trough design on early White Star games. The lock ball assembly is a unit, which was carried over from later Data East and early Sega games. It consists of a coil mounted horizontally above the left side of the trough VUK. This assembly was later removed presumably either due to cost factors, or so this coil assignment could be used as a playfield coil feature elsewhere instead.
If a lock ball assembly is used in the game, and trough opto failure has occured, the symptom will more than likely be that the trough VUK will fire repeatedly without a ball present above the VUK plunger.
4.7 Display problems
4.8 Sound problems
Basic operation (simplified) of the White Star CPU/Sound board audio part: The main CPU (U200) makes sound calls to the sound CPU (U6) which instructs the BSMT to play a certain sound. The BSMT fetches the required data (sound sample) from the ROM memory (U17-U21-U36-U37) and feeds the 16-bits wide parallel data to a conversion circuit which makes it serial data (shift register, U23-U24). The serial data is fed into a DAC (U26, Digital to Analogue Converter) that outputs to a pre-amplifier (U30, OPAMP). The output from the pre-amplifier is fed into the TDA2030A amplifiers at U101/U102 and sometimes U100 (some boards have 3 amplifiers, one for each speaker) and from there the audio signal goes to the speakers.
The sound section is quite reliable, the failure occuring most is a broken amplifier (TDA2030A).
Sound missing on one of the speakers: Most likely a broken amplifier (TDA2030A)
No sound at all: Check the voltages on the board. On the DC input connector CN2 there should be approx. +12V DC between pin 2 (GND) and pin 6 (+12V) and -12V between pin 2 (GND) and pin 3 (-12V), these voltages come from the Power Supply Board. On the board itself are two voltage regulators to convert the +12V and -12V to +5V and -5V for the pre-amplifiers, check these voltages by measuring between the ground (GND, test point) and U30 pin 8 for +5V, U30 pin 4 for -5V.
4.9 Flipper problems
4.10 Pop bumper problems
5 Game Specific Problems and Fixes
Lord Of The Rings
If your Balrog stops registering hits, a little checking will sort it out. The mini microswitch with a roller arm used to register hits may need adjusting. Known past problems are a flaky or bad switch, and / or wiring. The Balrog moves in a way that wires can break inside where you can't see readily them. It's easy to check the switch and wires with a meter. The wires push into an IDC connector nearby, so be sure they are pushed in tight.
6 Repair Logs
Did you do a repair? Log it here as a possible solution for others.